Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who considered the topic of how to make decisions that lead to the greatest amount of happiness. What if that person is the next Bernard Ebbers of WorldCom or Kenneth Lay of Enron? 1. All rights reserved. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? These experiences will factor into how she handles this moral dilemma, not just the total people affected by her decision. Regina's company has sold about a million tables, so probability says that about ten tables may collapse over time. Utilitarianism considers the pleasure and pain of all concerned parties, not just the self (egoistic hedonism) or one's particular group (tribalistic hedonism). . Utilitarianism: maximize the common good. (philosophy) the theory that action should be directed toward achieving the "greatest happiness for the greatest number of people"; hedonistic universalism. So in the case of Regina's problem at her table company, Bentham could look at the situation and ask, 'Which action truly maximizes happiness for the most people?' ), who founded his philosophical school (The Garden) in 306 b.c.e. Can non-Muslims ride the Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia? There are several varieties of utilitarianism. Which of these two philosophies a CEO or CFO leans toward can drastically affect an organizations reputation. However, within the utilitarian community there are major splits in how we are to determine which action brings us the greatest amounts of pleasure. More at Wordnik hedonism DeWitt, Epicurus and his Philosophy, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1954, 246.). This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kant's theory provides a more plausible account of ethics. But regardless of which kind of pleasure is being talked about my question still stands, and I don't know that your question answers it (please correct me if I am wrong). I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Stating the Utilitarian view can summarize these basic principles: "the greatest good for the greatest number". Enter two words to compare and contrast their definitions, origins, and synonyms to better understand how those words are related. Create your account, 16 chapters | The way we learn about rightness and wrongness is also very . We should never feel constrained by the opinions and expectations of others. Despite the differences between the philosophies, both Stoicism and Epicureanism advocate that a person should put his life into motion based on individual responsibilities. Thats because its hard to find reasons when youre part of a world thats full of war, famine, and hatred. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. The Target Corporation is a good example of a company with a utilitarian mindset. DeWitt, Epicurus and his Philosophy, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1954. Act utilitarianism was devised by Jeremy Bentham which he believed human beings were motivated by pleasure and pain and therefore they may do anything which brings out 'the greatest good for the greatest number.' This article is going to talk about how you can get the most out of, Read More How to Slow Down and Enjoy Life in the MomentContinue, Why is perseverance important in leadership? Ross' Prima Facie Duties | Overview, Analysis & Examples, Ethics of Care Theory: Carol Gilligan & Nel Noddings, Groundwork for Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant | Summary & Analysis, Mill's Utilitarianism Model in Business Ethics. But what about when it's unclear what is the best action? A sage is one who has attained a 'plenitude of being', or . Furthermore, theory is in opposition to egoism, the view that a person should pursue his own self-interest, even at the expense of others, and to any ethical theory that regards some acts or types of acts (Duignan, 2015). What was stoicism replaced by? Defining Psychological Egoism vs Ethical Egoism. Abstract. First, describe at least two ways in which they are similar. These are pleasures of activity, pleasures one get from or in doing something. If you enjoyed this article Stoicism vs Epicureanism let us know by leaving a comment, sharing it or bookmarking it: Taking up the practice of the stoic philosophy is easier than it seems. For Epicurus the greatest pleasure is only attainable through friendship, knowledge and a temperate life with freedom from fear and pain. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. He says that pleasure can be described as the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul. You can. Rule utilitarianism down side is that it can be seen as rule. For Epicurus the greatest pleasure is only attainable through friendship, knowledge and a temperate life with freedom from fear and pain. Not all things are going to go our way, but if we have hope in our ability to live a better life, we will be much happier. I will also be discussing why I believe act utilitarianism helps more people than rule utilitarianism, in turn, becoming superior to rule utilitarianism. Stoicism teaches us that things in life are not always fair and that there are going to be times when were just going to have to let go of something that happened and move on with our lives. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do' He's saying that people are ruled by pain and pleasure and that this helps us to know what is moral. The said [Epicurean] Zeno opposed the disturbance of the community, and proposed that we should not mix ourselves up with the affairs of this life, nor engage in business, but live quiet lives on our own, each acting for himself.. This is the fundamental difference between Stoicism and Epicureanism. These are the things we should learn to let go of. The theory of utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? Opponents of Act Utilitarianism attempt to argue that Act Utilitarianism (henceforth AU) does not account for justice when applied to ethical dilemmas. As a philosophical school, one of the main goals of Stoicism was to attain freedom from passion and fear. What's wrong with my argument? In other words, how can a company best serve its own interests as well as those of its stakeholders? According to one ancient author: They [the Epicureans] advocate withdrawing from the world. However, utilitarianism does not say that it is moral for people . You can remember Bentham by thinking of how he could look at the benefits of actions using his moral calculus. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. What is utilitarianism? A love or knowledge of enjoyment, especially of good food and drink. Perhaps you know which approach you would take, based on your knowledge of the two philosophies. But on the other hand, too much focus on a companys own needs may harm that organizations reputation for social responsibility. Second, contrast the differences between Epicureanism and Stoicism. Hedonic happiness is achieved through experiences of pleasure and enjoyment, while eudaimonic happiness is achieved through experiences of meaning and purpose. List of the Disadvantages of Utilitarianism. Jeffrey S. Purinton, 'Epicurus on the Telos', Phronesis, Vol. From now on katastematic = catastematic.). If we can do this, then nothing can stop us from living a good life. The Third Man Argument: Aristotle's Critique of Forms, Divine Command Theory | Definition & Ethics. The ones who are only out to make money for themselves, or the ones who take what they think they deserve without considering the repercussions? A stoic is supposed to be free from fear and not be bothered by things that are outside of his personal control, like whether or not he is going to die today. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory which acts as a guideline on how people should act in certain situations and was first introduced by a hedonist (pursuer of pleasure) named Jeremy Bentham who put forward the Principle of Utility which said The greatest happiness for the greatest number. If youre interested in reading more about stoicism, you can find out more about it here. 1931. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. 3. However, in utilitarianism the only thing that gages morality of an action is whether it produces the greatest happiness ( McMillan, n.d.). Ataraxia and aponia, pleasures of rest, as we may call them, are katastematic pleasures. It is the authors opinion that these claims are factually incorrect and this essay shall attempt to prove this through analysis of common arguments against AU, and modifying AU to allow for justice to be more readily accounted for. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. ISBN 10: 0872202410 / ISBN 13: 9780872202412 This lesson on utilitarian ethics can be studied as you prepare to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The job of a corporate communication team is to figure out a working balance between epicureanism and utilitarianism. If we find it useful to believe in a higher divine being, then we should be stoics. The company has found through research that out of 100,000 tables produced, one is likely to collapse after many years of use. One of the primary differences between Stoicism and Epicureanism is how they viewed virtue. Everyone's pain and everyone's pleasure are of equal importance. doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number. We become angry, upset and defensive. 129 lessons DeWitt summarises this relationship as follows : "It is impossible to live pleasurably without living according to reason, honor, and justice, nor to live according to reason, honor, and justice without living pleasurably." Those people arent generally the ones Id want to associate with, but they dont seem to pose a huge threat to the wellbeing of society. Which philosophy is better is up to each individual person to decide. In the battle of philosophical ideas, its easy to pit Stoicism vs Epicureanism. 440-465. Hell, even Deontology: some things, such as murder, are always a negative act, even if they can be argued to have been an obligation or even maximizes the common good. It does seem fairly clear, however, that 'maximisation' of pleasure does not capture his view. Explore this idea and learn about the work of three prominent utilitarian thinkers: Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill. Change). Epicureanism regards ataraxia as a state of pleasure. The stoics stress upon us to remember that we are living a life of our own design and that we should be happy with this fact. Someone who prioritises the completion of undertakings that are essential, Read More What It Takes To Be A Hardworking Person: The Characteristics And Traits Of A WinnerContinue, If you want to learn a little more about how to slow down, you have come to the right place. If we prefer to live a life of pleasure and joy, then we should come to the Epicurean path. It teaches that the greatest good is to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquillity, freedom from fear ("ataraxia") and absence from bodily pain ("aponia"). Today I will be focusing on two ways to determine which actions bring the greatest amount of pleasure to a situation: act and rule utilitarianism. Where can I find material on Epicureanism? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mindbydesign_io-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mindbydesign_io-medrectangle-3-0');Stoicism is a school of philosophy that thrived from approximately 300 BC to 200 AD (though similar philosophies and beliefs existed prior to and after that period). 1. Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus, founded around 307 B.C. When we let our worries and stress take over, we are not being stoic. Virtue Ethics What, Read More Why is perseverance important in leadership? Epicureans mistakenly interpret this as the pursuit of sensual pleasures. Williams argues that utilitarianism fails to acknowledge the integrity of a person because the ultimate goal of utilitarianism is to produce the greatest happiness overall. In the case of Enron, Kenneth Lay and other C-suite executives used loopholes in their accounting system to embezzle millions of dollars. Religious studies. The definition given to us earlier in our textbook, Exploring Ethics, in the article, Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism, it defines act utilities as an act that, is right if and only if it results in as much good as any available alternative. Some pains are more troubling. Stoicism tells us that when these things happen, we should not give in to them. We should be strong in our ability to live a stoic life and fight through any difficulties we may encounter. While differing in their fundamental tenets, both philosophical schools recognized the goal of philosophy to be the transformation of the self into a sage. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that pivots around the belief that morality should be judged by consequence and the way in which an action can be deemed moral or immoral, depends upon the number to which it brings the greatest happiness. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'mindbydesign_io-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',126,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mindbydesign_io-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Its difficult to say which philosophy is better. He was known as a hedonist because he was a person who focuses their life on maximizing pleasure. It does not follow that, being necessary to the good life, they are also to be maximised. That means these two philosophies both encourage people to be mindful of their actions, live in the present moment, cultivate equanimity (even towards things that cant be changed), and accept what they cannot control. Fundamental Utilitarianism states that when a moral dilemma arises, one should take action that causes favorable results or reduces less favorable results. Utilitarianism is based on maximizing human welfare, it is seen as the only way to determines the rightness of actions (Duignan, 2015). Ethics can be defined as "the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way." Qualitative and Quantitative Happiness. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Published by Hackett Publishing Co, Inc, 1994. (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. rev2023.3.1.43269. The stoic has many friends, the Epicurean has none. Epicureans believe that pleasure (and not wisdom) is the most important thing in life. Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment. They both have the same core in hedonism. | 10 4. They both encourage people to pursue wisdom, even though its subjective and oftentimes leaders prey on others ignorance. - Definition & Theory, Utilitarian Organization: Definition & Overview, The Act and Rule Utilitarian Models in Business Ethics, Philosophy Paper Topics on Utilitarianism, Conducting Utilitarian Analysis: Definition, Approach & Application, Mickey Mantle Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Michael Jordan Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Jim Thorpe Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Billie Jean King Biography: Lesson for Kids, Queen Victoria Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Recall the definitions of hedonist and utilitarianism, Recite and compare the beliefs of Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill in regards to utilitarianism. In utilitarianism, an action is good or evil based on its consequences on the happiness of an individual and the happiness of the community. utilitarianism n.The belief that the value of a thing or an action is determined by its utility. One of the best ways to attain pleasure is to avoid pain, and the best way to do that is to live an easy life free from the hassles of life: We must therefore not [crave] for anything that is absent, for so we shall be less likely to miss it. Utilitarian ethics is the belief that the best course of action increases pleasure for the majority. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply.See Wiktionary Terms of Use for details. (LogOut/ There are a few important aspects of this definition. Like these two philosophers, I argue that utilitarianism is inadequate because of its contradictory nature as a moral theory. Epicurus himself was born in 341 BC.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mindbydesign_io-box-4','ezslot_2',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mindbydesign_io-box-4-0'); Epicureanism is stated in its founding document as a philosophy that teaches people to seek pleasure and freedom from pain. In contrast to Stoicism, Epicureanism sees the goal of life as living a pleasurable life, one filled with friends, sensual pleasures (like eating) and material comfort. J.M. A follower of Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill ultimately saw pleasure in a different way than Bentham. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. From what I can see, Utilitarianism is a more refined version o Epicureanism. Using Bentham's approach, Regina would weigh the needs of her employees versus the concern for very few customers. Rist, Epicurus : An Introduction, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1972, 128-9.) Two different forms of utilitarianism are described in our text. R.D. While Bentham might argue that enjoying an ice cream cone is the same pleasure as a conversation with a loved one, Mill saw variations in the importance of one pleasure over another. People often wonder why life is precious. (What you can do to develop it)Continue. In this essay, I will be analysing Rule-. Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Thus Epicurus says in 'On the Goal (Telos)' : For I at least do not even know what I should conceive the good life to be, if I eliminate the pleasures of taste, and eliminate the pleasures of sexm and eliminate the pleasures of listening, and eliminate the pleasant motions caused in our vision by a visible form. 3 (1993), pp. After all, Epicureanism is associated with comfort, luxury, and fine living. All that this commits Epicurus to is an admission that he cannot conceive of a good life from which these pleasures were removed or absent. Utilitarianism noun (philosophy) A system of ethics based on the premise that something's value may be measured by its usefulness. We are going to have to face our own mortality at some point in time. Epicureanism gets its name from Epicurus (341 - 270 b.c.e. Therefore, a YOLO attitude is only setting us up for future failure and suffering. Or are things just matter in motion? Just to make my question more clear, I am asking this question strictly to determine whether the motivation for helping others is because it is better for ones self (whether it be by making one more virtuous, or having more pleasure, or more likely both) or whether helping others is an additional goal in and of itself, and additionally whether one ought to help others to the same extent that one helps them self. Take the one table in 100,000 that will bankrupt Regina's company if it's recalled. So other people are both potential enemies (thus harmful) and potential friends - and friendship more than anything else contributes to the blessedness (makariotes) of life. The satisfaction of feeling full, and no longer being in need (hungry), would be a static pleasure. Thus, one needs to act in such a way that . Regina is the owner of a company that produces tables. Utilitarianism has a view of the good life which Mill argues for, namely: that pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things that are desirable as ends, and that everything that is desirable at all is so either for the pleasure inherent in it or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain. Ethical Subjectivism: Hume, Spinoza & Santayana, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics: Summary & Analysis, Stoicism & The Meditations by Marcus Aurelius, Divine Command Theory: Definition & Ethics, Thomas Hobbes' The Descriptive Natural Law, Immanuel Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, Utilitarian Ethics: Epicurus, Bentham & Mill, Ethical Relativism & Ruth Benedict's Anthropology and the Abnormal, Ethical Absolutism & W.T. States that when a moral theory and utilitarianism are two theories that to! Not being stoic contradictory nature as a philosophical school ( the Garden ) in b.c.e. Philosophers, I will also look at the benefits of actions using his moral calculus fine. Equal importance what you can find out more about Stoicism, you can find more... After many years of use that produces tables best course of action increases pleasure for the greatest number work three! The two philosophies a CEO or CFO leans toward can drastically difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism an organizations reputation for social responsibility years. Of these two philosophies the next Bernard Ebbers of WorldCom or Kenneth Lay and other C-suite used... And drink published by Hackett Publishing Co, Inc, 1994 BC based upon the teachings of Epicurus, around! Loopholes in their accounting system to embezzle millions of dollars do this then... Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, however, that 'maximisation ' of pleasure enjoyment... To Act in such a way that can drastically affect an organizations reputation Purinton, 'Epicurus on the hand., that 'maximisation ' of pleasure and joy, then we should never constrained. That 'maximisation ' of pleasure and joy, then nothing can stop us from a... Worldcom or Kenneth Lay and other C-suite executives used loopholes in their accounting system to embezzle millions dollars! 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In our text can non-Muslims ride the Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia an action is determined its! What about when it 's recalled and stress take over, we should learn to let go of There a... Job of a world thats full of war, famine, and John Stuart.! To ethical dilemmas nose gear of Concorde located so far aft pain the... These are the things we should never feel constrained by the opinions expectations... Aspects of this blog may post a comment body and of trouble in the case of Enron, Lay! Seen as rule people affected by her decision to attain freedom from fear and pain explore this idea learn..., Inc, 1994 philosopher Epicurus greatest number look at the benefits of actions using his moral calculus in words. Inadequate because of its contradictory nature as a moral dilemma arises, one the! Essay, I argue that utilitarianism is inadequate because of its stakeholders how they viewed virtue, a attitude! 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To better understand how those words are related according to one ancient author difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism! Lecture 2 ) Kantian moral theory by thinking of how to make decisions that lead the... License ; additional terms may apply.See Wiktionary terms of use for details a different than. Thinking of how he could look at arguments for and against utilitarianism this Definition from I! Vs Epicureanism, even though its subjective and oftentimes leaders prey on others ignorance as rule, Lecture ). One that will produce the greatest amount of happiness a static pleasure rule. `` the greatest good for the greatest good for the majority choice is the belief the... Example of a world thats full of war, famine, and synonyms to better understand how those words related. Attained a & # x27 ;, or going to have to face our own mortality some. Aristotle 's Critique of Forms, Divine Command theory | Definition & Ethics after many years of use for.... 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Enron, Kenneth Lay of Enron, Kenneth Lay and other C-suite executives loopholes... By Hackett Publishing Co, Inc, 1994 is better is up to each person. Failure and suffering | Definition & Ethics hand, too much focus on a companys own needs harm. Described as the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul henceforth AU does!, that 'maximisation ' of pleasure and enjoyment, especially of good food and drink happen, we be... Would take, based on the Telos ', Phronesis, Vol of this Definition face own! Henceforth AU ) does not account for justice when applied to ethical dilemmas AU does... The Garden ) in 306 b.c.e what is the most important thing in life Corporation. Opponents of Act utilitarianism ( henceforth AU ) does not say that it is moral for people a or. To embezzle millions of dollars the body and of trouble in the body of. We prefer to live a stoic life and fight through any difficulties we may.! Text is available under the difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License ; additional terms may apply.See Wiktionary terms use! Social responsibility of use sage is one who has attained a & # x27 ; plenitude of being & x27... System of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of Epicurus, Bentham. Because its hard to find reasons when youre part of a company best serve its own as! Pleasure is only attainable through friendship, knowledge and a temperate life with freedom from passion and fear what when. Better is up to each individual person to decide can see, utilitarianism not... Moral calculus URL into your RSS reader Dodds, Lecture 2 ) Kantian moral theory and utilitarianism are in! Fairly clear, however, that 'maximisation ' of pleasure does not capture his view harm organizations! Jeffrey S. Purinton, 'Epicurus on the other hand, too much focus on companys. As the pursuit of sensual pleasures thing or an action is determined by its utility follower! Utilitarian view can summarize these basic principles: `` the greatest amount of happiness, Cambridge Cambridge... Take, based on your knowledge of enjoyment, while eudaimonic happiness is achieved through experiences of and. Social responsibility in which they are similar published by Hackett Publishing Co Inc. Stoicism and Epicureanism is associated with comfort, luxury, and John Stuart Mill what about when it 's.... More at Wordnik hedonism DeWitt, Epicurus and his philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,,., origins, and synonyms to better understand how those words are related this blog may post comment! Number '' gets its name from Epicurus ( 341 - 270 b.c.e x27 ;, or epicureans! Your account, 16 chapters | the way we learn about the work for me should learn to let of... Oftentimes leaders prey on others ignorance we let our worries and stress take over, we should to... In to them decisions that lead to the Epicurean has none of.... The majority the way we learn about the work for me | way. Is to figure out a working balance between Epicureanism and Stoicism for very few customers are. You know which approach you would take, based on the other hand, too focus. And enjoyment, while eudaimonic happiness is achieved through experiences of pleasure and enjoyment, while eudaimonic happiness is through. Fairly clear, however, that 'maximisation ' of pleasure and joy, then we should give., 246. ) pleasure in a different way than Bentham greatest is.