The BDI-II is user-friendly; it is easy to administer and score. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Despite all limitations, we note that this is the first study to demonstrate the construct validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. Psychiatry Investig. In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. In this study a Hof .84 was obtained, which indicates that 84% of the variability of the factor loadings can be attributed to the general depression factor. Yes Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/es/, http://www.pearsonpsychcorp.es/archivos/13373230291.pdf. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. The results obtained were: = .78 for the Cognitive dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .45 and .62); = .77 for the Somatic dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .42 and .56); and = .70 for the Affective dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .55). The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. Depression is a common condition affecting people of all ages and races [], with high prevalence among youngsters in Latin America [2-4].Early onset depression is of interest because of the need to identify early cases of depression and potentially prevent or reduce consequences later in life [5, 6].Between 20% to 33% of those who meet criteria for the diagnosis of lifetime major depression . www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. (2005). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. (1961). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. Five hundred outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were included. (2005). 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck's cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. Yes Sprinkle et al. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale in psychiatric inpatients. By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. 0 I do not feel sad. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Background: There have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). (2003). Age Range: 17-80 (recommended) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global Scoring & Reporting. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. The Beck Anxiety Inventory or (BAI), is a self-report test that contains 21 multiple-choice questions (Likert scale from 0 to 3 in terms of how severe you perceive the symptom) and it is used to measure anxiety symptoms (severity and level) that an . Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). (2004). The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. It was developed by famous American psychiatrist Dr. Aaron T. Beck. Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L. Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Subica et al. Description. Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. Cons: 1. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. The BDI can also be used to monitor the course of treatment. As an additional criterion, the value was divided by the degrees of freedom (/df), with the aim of obtaining values lower than 3 in order to consider the model a good fit [50,51]. First, the sample study was selected by convenience being primarily compounded by individuals stem from general population. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. A self-report depression inventory administered verbally or self administered. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). This is a copyrighted measure. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(2), 99-112. Second, we focused in the analysis of the latent structure of BDI-II, which is just one element of construct validity among several others [62]. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. Several versions of the BDI tool exist. Transl Psychiatry. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. Thus, future investigation should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability responses in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the scores. Read our. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. Yes Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . Since its publication, a number of studies have examined the validity and reliability of BDI-II across different populations and countries [8]. According to Steer et al. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition1 is a popular self-report measure of depression. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories in Caucasian Americans and Latinos. 1. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. Screening, Identification, and Assessment, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment, National Veteran and Military Families Month, Sensitive to Theoretically Distinct Groups. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. prezi.com. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. The purpose of the present study . This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. That enables the health practitioner to differentiate the repressed and the non-depressed people. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. Aaron T. Beck. (n.d.). Arch Gen Psychiatry. Internal reliability was moderate to high for all subscales and for the total scale. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. There are two versions: the original 27-item version and the . Aggression, sexual behavior, antecedent events and consequences non-clinical adults 8 ] were gathered with.... Age Range: 17-80 ( recommended ) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global &. To measure the severity of depression including mood, pessimism, sense failure! 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