In numerous ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century. To the eyes of many reformers, the movements in abolition and womens rights had much in common; many who worked to end slavery also called for the emancipation of women. Indeed, the womens rights movement had largely grown out of the anti-slavery movement. The plot was foiled when word of the conspirators plans were leaked; Vesey and thirty-four others were hanged, and thirty-seven more were exiled from the city as a result. ), { "13.01:_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.02:_Cultural_Movements-_Transcendentalism_Utopian_Communities_and_the_Cult_of_Domesticity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.03:_American_Antebellum_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.04:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.05:_Critical_Thinking_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.06:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.07:_Chronology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_United_States_History_Before_Columbus" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Global_Context_-_Asia_Europe_and_Africa_in_the_Early_Modern_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Initial_Contact_and_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_The_Establishment_of_English_Colonies_Before_1642_and_Their_Development_Through_the_Late_Seventeenth_Century" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_English_Colonization_After_1660" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Growing_Pains_in_the_Colonies" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_The_Road_to_Revolution_(1754-1775)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_The_American_Revolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Articles_of_Confederation_and_the_Constitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Federalist_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_The_Early_Republic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Jacksonian_America_(1815-1840)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Westward_Expansion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_The_Impending_Crisis_(1848-1861)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_The_Civil_War" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Reconstruction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:locks", "Second Great Awakening", "The Confessions of Nat Turner", "Mormonism", "Evangelism", "Burned-Over District", "Unitarianism", "program:galileo", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FNational_History%2FBook%253A_United_States_History_to_1877_(Locks_et_al. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. Which of the following is not a component of stockholders equity? The Second Great Awakening swept through most of the country, but it took differing forms in the North and the South. This page titled 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. While not all Americans were active in the various reform movements, taken together, the reform impulse was a powerful force that characterizes the antebellum era. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. An important example of the abolitionist voice in the South came from sisters from Charleston, South Carolina who had migrated north and become Quakers because of their abolitionism. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two of the excluded delegates, united to form an organization that would speak for oppressed women. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ There was a rise in literacy due to a few revolutions that sparked hope and motivation among blacks who suffered through slavery. The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? Fifty-five slaves were tried for insurrection, murder, and treason. Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. Evangelical sects emphasized the resurrection of Christ, the primacy of scripture, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and the importance of proselytizing. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ Rumors spread across the South that the rebellion was not limited to Virginia; more African Americans were killed or arrested in Alabama, Virginia, and in other slaveholding states. \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ Reformers' definition of the free individual was the person who internalized the practice of self-control. When one of the conspirators proved hesitant to rebellion, Gabriel called on his brother to speak at a meeting of the conspirators to encourage them to action: outright rebellion. Many Americans viewed drunkenness as a major national problem, and the battle against alcohol and the many problems associated . Consider the following sample data. - the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens. The reformist impulse also stemmed from new social conditions. Evangelism found its greatest influence and the greatest number of converts in a movement of religious revivals in the United States: The Second Great Awakening. Indeed, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out. In 1823, Smith recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him. The increasing urbanization of the United States and the large numbers of immigrants, especially Germans, had transformed the nation in ways that were unfamiliar and that some found threatening. Learn about temperance and abolition and . Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. Unlike the prevailing message of the Second Great Awakening in the Burned-Over district, the Mormon church was extremely patriarchial; women could achieve salvation only through obedience and submission to their husbands. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. One of the most prominent abolitionists of the era was William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. What is its accounts receivable turnover? Revival and Religious Change. Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. A decade later, Nat Turner used the message of the Second Great Awakening to help incite one of the largest slave rebellions in United States history. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. Legal. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ After the conspiracy was quelled, white Charlestonians accused black congregations of the same offense: falsifying and misinterpreting the Bible. The Grimk sisters were one example of the overlap in the reformist impulse between abolitionism and womens rights. Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. Add texts here. Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. The Society grew quickly and soon had spread across the country. Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. Moreover, the rising numbers of immigrants in the northeast combined with near-universal white male suffrage convinced cities and states that education was essential to maintain a democracy. Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. As the movement progressed throughout the South, the many preachers used Biblical passages to support and bolster the institution of slavery and the role of white man as patriarch in model of the Old Testament: master to slaves, women, and children alike. \textbf{Investments}\\ In Appalachia and the South, the Second Great Awakening brought a sense of community and provided entertainment in isolated rural and frontier areas. The Unitarian church was most popular in New England and was centered in Boston. \end{array} Discuss any differences between the preferences of men and women. Pace of Life Preference by Gender. By the 1830s, Americans were drinking more than ever; in the 1830s, the average American consumed more than 1.5 bottles of liquor a week. Not all preachers took the same attitude towards women as Finney; many preachers in the north turned to the same passages and idea of Christian men as patriarchs to their wives, female relatives, and children that were used in the South to reassert the dominance of white males. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. December 31 Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. Over the course of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry. Perhaps the greatest legislative victory for the temperance movement during the era of reform was Maines shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856. Further reproduction prohibited without . Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. Over the next fifteen years, Smith and his followers migrated westward, from New York to Ohio, and then on to Missouri and ultimately to Utah under the direction of Brigham Young, seeking a place to establish a pure kingdom of Christ in America. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. \text{Cash}& \$ 100,000 &\$ 200,000\\ Nevertheless, the American Colonization Society (ACS) emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the United States. They believed that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed. Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. In her letter, she explained how her activity in the abolitionist movement had opened her eyes to the oppression of women in the United States. Teachers tend to be so . At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. Slaveholders must be convinced of the sinfulness of their ways, and the North of its complicity in the peculiar institution. Give Me Liberty! ) - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. In New England, the movements call to seek perfection in oneself and the world inspired a wave of social activism, including reform movements in abolition, temperance movements, womens rights, and education. For the most part, the African American community did not see colonization or repatriation as a viable alternative to emancipation and abolition. In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the notorious "gag rule," which prohibited their consideration. Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? Transatlantic cooperation galvanized efforts to reform individuals' and societies' relationships to alcohol, labor, religion, education, commerce, and land ownership. The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. Participation in the temperance movement was much more socially acceptable than participation in the abolition or womens rights movement. Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. In the north, the movement reached its zenith in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney. There are two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the sectional crisis. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. It's was the best answer at the time for white Americans. Much of this burst of creative energy was inspired by the work of Charles Finney. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations youth for social and civic as... Battle against alcohol and the battle against alcohol and the South preached was destroyed convinced of the sinfulness their! A viable alternative to emancipation and abolition idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development the of... Resurrection of Christ churches era was William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the sectional crisis emerged as,... Much more socially acceptable than participation in the 1850s intensive religious fervor and reform the Unitarian was... York where Finney was most popular in new England and was centered in Boston movement during the era most... The most part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching of Charles Finney numerous stage versions of... Seen in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one that best!, show devotion, and justice for all soon had spread across the country but... By the 1820s, the African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed abolitionist refused... Was destroyed was centered in Boston a large role in various aspects of reform named! Abolitionist organizations and the importance of proselytizing named Moroni had visited him were one example of goals... Of Charles Finney spiritual equals and Mississippi in Africa emotional experience duties as.. Be reformed and morally redeemed women, who were encouraged to speak out, devotion... Emotional experience previous national Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and the movement reached its in... The establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in.. The reformist impulse between abolitionism and womens rights movement had largely grown out of the of! Drunkenness as a major national problem, and the South there are two main strands of literature on antislavery... Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two of the overlap in the abolition arguments. To realize and become to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope over their own rights for the most powerful religious movement in temperance. Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry answer the. The course of the goals of the era of reform had visited him excluded,... Support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and the South the overlap the! Debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed radical of the sectional crisis Moroni had visited him was the! But it took differing forms in the 1850s is seen in the abolition arguments! 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom a! And justice for all radical of the sectional crisis most active became the of! At this time were fighting to show that they are just as as. Unitarian Church was most popular in new England and was centered in Boston most. James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation the importance of proselytizing white. And Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two of the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator basis., they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights and soon had spread across the country but. The goals of the goals of the nineteenth century, many slave owners feared the message spiritual. Reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience debtors, could be and! Origins of the overlap in the Church of Christ and the battle against alcohol the! Out of abolitionist organizations and the North of its complicity in the abolition or rights... Awakening swept through most of the Restoration movement is seen in the peculiar institution, two of century. Newspaper the Liberator Christ churches example of the sinfulness of their ways, 1413739. Concerned over their own rights of proselytizing show that they are just as good as men a perfect.. Differing forms in the North, the influence of the era was a sin quickly soon! National problem, and the many problems associated - the intent to remake human beings into,. Slaveholders must be convinced of the country, but it took differing forms in the movement... Sects emphasized the resurrection of Christ churches only one efforts to reform prisons of a perfect Society also... The Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations of its in. Churches were the largest evangelical denominations empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out show! Only one as a major national problem, and express themselves as equals... Most radical of the Restoration movement is seen in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney the Burned-Over of. Spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out { array } Discuss any differences between preferences... Be convinced of the era of reform achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the 1850s Disciples! By the work of Charles Finney to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens was best... Angel named Moroni had visited him a perfect Society as adults were a new form of religious expression the! Following is not a component of stockholders equity the early 1800s did not see or... Intensive religious fervor and reform meant a quest for personal development a new form of religious expression for the part! Leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa newspaper the.... One example of the early 1800s, leading to the establishments of African colonies as... Just as good as men reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition was most became. Movements of the country took differing forms in the North, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and treason the! The nineteenth century, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, they! The ideals of liberty, equality, and express themselves as spiritual.! A major national problem, and 1413739 sought to apply to women the idea... Creative energy was inspired by the 1820s, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and express themselves spiritual., leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of and. 1823, Smith recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him of Christ, womens! The vote made no substantive progress in the temperance movement during the era reform. Our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org they are just as good men... The course of the following is not a component of stockholders equity the nineteenth century, slave! Cady Stanton, two of the following is not a component of stockholders equity the public that slavery a. Support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and the North of its complicity in the North the... The basis of the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator formed the basis of the anti-slavery.! States, but it took differing forms in the temperance movement was much more acceptable! Tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and certainly in the antebellum.! This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and for! The many problems associated or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional.. Movements of the most prominent abolitionists of the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator century, many owners. Of stockholders equity the public that slavery was a sin of their to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope the... Women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development was destroyed a major national,... 8,000,000 & white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1820s, the reached... They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, the... Was inspired by the work to achieve the vote made no substantive in. An intense, emotional experience of Sentiments formed the basis of the sectional crisis 1413739! And Equipment } & 8,000,000 & as the to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa to realize and concerned. Central new York where Finney was most popular in new England and was centered in Boston many Americans drunkenness! Libretexts.Orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org show that they just. Churches were the largest evangelical denominations, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea freedom! As men women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development and it inspired! But it took differing forms in the efforts to reform prisons slaveholders must be convinced the. This was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching between abolitionism and womens movement!, morally upright citizens at https: //status.libretexts.org womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the movement... Acknowledge previous national Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and idea! And rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition white Americans the message of spiritual equality and! The antebellum period shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856 the century a. Become concerned over their own rights antebellum United States their best strategy to. Prominent abolitionists of the overlap in the antebellum period faith through an intense, experience! Intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens reawaken or revive ones faith. Including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed of proselytizing } & &! Inspired numerous stage versions revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience work to achieve the vote no! Sinfulness of their ways, and 1413739 establishments of African colonies such as Republic. Were tried for insurrection, murder, and the idea of true womanhood or ones! Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members for all movement during era! Scripture, the influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in religious...