Stand on the chair and place the tape measure next to you. Plot the temperatures and ball heights on an X and Y-axis graph using a graph. Method 1) 2 rubber balls were left sitting at room temperature, and 1.6 metres in height was measured from ground level and marked on a wall outside. Record the temperature on the thermometer. co2 is carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas. There are two reasons for this. A further study should be completed to see if anything else effects the balls differently to try and determine what makes the balls different. For this reason, the players will have a better experience which is usually caused by the plenty of pressure inside the tennis ball. When the temperature increases, the gas molecules inside the tennis ball expand. The ab crunch was not much different from when I perform this exercise without the stability ball. Video footage will also be utilised to measure the bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion. One may also use a heat dish to do this. Sometimes, new balls might give you different results than older balls which means that your experiment will require a new source of data to determine whether you are getting accurate results. For the cold ball, you are likely to observe a lower bounce consistently. Average the results. The 0 C strings lose the most tension and the 40 degree curve criss-crosses the other two, though the trend is that the behavior for the 20 C and 40 C is different for nylon vs polyester. Easy Experiment. Table 9: Ball 1 vs. The strings were each given an Identification number from 1-15 (14 was omitted). Hot temperatures create more pressure whereas cold temperatures do not produce much pressure. This experiment will help people because they will know how high a tennis ball will bounce on a. Finally the data does not justify spending extra money for the championship balls since the mean bounces of both the championship and non-championship balls are considered equal. Click the "Experiment" button to find out! The air molecules inside the ball will also move around slowly and tend to have less energy when the ball has been cooled down, meaning that the ball will have a lower bounce when you drop it to the ground. A quadratic regression was next tried as illustrated in Table 7, 8. Most players agree that in hot weather the string plays livelier and has more power due to tension loss and that in the winter, strings feel firmer and less powerful. Rather, it is something that naturally happens. Make sure there are no liquids in the freezer. Repeat 6 times to obtain 6 marks. From the things they can controllike diet, rest, and conditioning, to the things that are relatively less predictablelike weather conditions and temperature, good players are continually considering all eventualities. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. For a future topic related to this subject, I would like to see if the age of a tennis ball also affects how it bounces. The first setup (Figure 1) was used to measure tension vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. Before the ball is dropped, make sure a measuring tape or a meter stick is very close to where the ball is being dropped so the height can be measured. Hypothesis If tennis balls are left in various temperatures, then the tennis balls left in the warmest . As we have seen, temperature affects the duration of the stretch, as as such, will affect the tension loss and stiffness. That means theres more water in the air, causing it to be and feel denser. The cubic fit is shown by R squared values of .396 and .331 and, the regression is able to predict between two and three times as many of the points as the linear regression. (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. We can zoom in on elongation by string in Figure 9 just as we did above for stiffness. As the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically. Though tension loss is the parameter that tennis players are most focused on, it is the stiffness of the string that most influences performance and feel. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. Tension and temperature drop was then recorded until 100 seconds. Then, analyze the information. i was just worried even if they are correct or not. Sheet3. I should also research to determine who should not use a stability ball. There are probably two effects: the air pressure inside a cold ball is less and that will change the elastic coefficient, the other is the temperature effect on the material tennis ball itself. For nylon, the 40 string loses more tension than the 20 string. The distance between clamps was 35 cm. How Do Different Surfaces Effect The Bounce Of A Tennis Ball? The data from this experiment will show their differences. As such, there tends to be a massive variation of temperature. A thermocouple inside the tube recorded the temperature. (Incorporation, 2011)In1972,tennis balls became yellow. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. This is the first effect of the heat on the tennis ball, and when you heat the ball, you will tend to observe a higher bounce. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. Temperature Cubic ANOVA, Table 14: Ball 2 vs. Researchers Crawford Lindsley and Rod Cross performed an in-depth study exploring the effect of temperature on string tension and stiffness. A quadratic fit was next tried it is represented in Tables 9, 10 and Graphs 7, 8. Hi I am Andrew. With an increase in the temperature, the gas molecules within the tennis ball start to expand. (Wikipedia, 2012)In the 16th century, tennis balls were found stuffed with animal meat and bones, too. How Does Air Pressure in a Ball Make the Ball Bounce Higher? Why Is String Stiffness So Important To Power? Stiffness is the property that measures the result of all these elongation, duration, and relaxation processes. The pressure of the gas inside the ball ultimately determines how high the tennis ball will bounce. Required fields are marked *. Here is another table that shows the exact height in which the ball bounced. This means that the pressure is optimal for performance on the field. Tension is a component of stiffness. These acquired values show that the line is a good predictor of future points and where they will fall. The main. If your strings are too stiff, instead of getting a new string job, first try heating the strings with a hair dryer (though we don't know if this changes the durability or not). University of Virginia Physics Department, n.d. As the temperature of the rubber ball increases, the height of its bounce will increase. In recent years two different types of balls have been available championship balls and non-championship balls. Overall the residual plots show that the fit is good, but there is some considerable doubt and, it is possible another model might fit the data even better. The higher the percentage, the higher the ball bounced. Frigid temperatures will generally cause strings to act as if they are made of a stiffer material, resulting in less elasticity and ability to rebound the ball given each unit of tension. This is an eventuality that many players should take into account. Each contributes to how a ball performs. Mark a point 1 metre from the ground on a wall. Once we have the readings from each of the balls you have dropped and observed in the previous step, we need to determine the average reading. According to the results, the tennis balls with the highest temperature had the highest bounce percentage, and the ones with the lowest temperature had the lowest bounce percentage. Here, weve detailed some of the main ways in which the weather and environment can influence not only the way tennis strings react and work but also the match overall. Because it is hotter, the strings will soften up, become more pliable and will need to be tightened if not enough stiffness is present. The amount is highly material specific, with gut, nylon, and polyester losing the least tension in that order. One clamp was attached to a load cell and computer to record elongation and tension. Krista Sheehan is a registered nurse and professional writer. The hypothesis was: If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. When a liner model was tried in Tables 5, 6 the p-values of zero confirmed the suspicion that there was indeed a significant relationship. Table 1 Percentage change in stiffness between temperature spans. What is the effect of. The purpose of the experiment is to determine if tennis balls behave differently based on the weather and the length of time since the can of balls was opened. Leave the tennis balls in place for at least one to three hours, if possible. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. A normal tennis ball has a rubber core occupied with a gas that is composed of unorganized molecules or atoms that move around freely. A typical tension vs time comparison appears in Figure 2 for a string first at 20 C and then at 40 C. A string typically shows very rapid tension decline at first, before slowing and then stabilizing. Figure 9 Elongation by temperature in setup #2. This allows the chains to reorder to the lowest stress configuration both during and after tensioning. I would propose that a follow up study be done holding both of the other two variables, temperature and humidity constant to try and find a better fitting relationship. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, Incorporation, I. While nylon and polyester are less durable than nylon and responsive to unfavorable conditions, they are still more robust than natural gut. Drop the ball from the top of the meter stick and record how high it bounces. I believe that many people from all populations should incoroporate the stability, Paintball Guns use co2 to propel the paintballs. After this experiment, one will know why tennis balls bounce differently after being left out in various weather conditions. Your email address will not be published. Most players focus on tension, but that is only useful in as much as it predicts stiffness, which is often the case for comparing an individual string at different tensions but not for comparing different strings to each other. Web. The p-value for both was zero showing that there is a significant relationship between the time a can of balls was open and the bounce height. While high temperature and high humidity are technically different measures, they often occur together. in my school i finish up in 2nd place thank u very much. As such, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. Easy Experiment. Bibliography .:. This is the graph created using information collected from the last bounces per temperature, or the third trial. The target temperatures were achieved just prior to tensioning and maintained during the tensioning and relaxation phases. Generally, temperature affects a ball's resiliency, the spin and the density of the air through which the ball travels. While dropping the ball, it is suggested that one records the event so it will be easier to find how high the ball bounced. This act is attained underhand or overhead. Figure 7 is qualitative in that the horizontal axis is simply the itemization of each string, and thus each curve does not demonstrate any quantitatively causative relationships. Tension was recorded throughout the process. Place the tape measurer against the edge of a wall using the bluetack 3. You can also experiment within an enclosed space to ensure that the blowing wind does not affect the bounce of your ball. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape, the gas inside the ball acts as a spring and causes the ball to bounce into the air. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Figure 1 Experimental setup for measuring tension loss vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. In the real world, tennis tends to be played in all kinds of conditions and temperatures. I chose to perform the ab crunch for my abs. (Incorporation, 2011) This method was used for a long time. So, if you are stringing just before a match, string lower for cold and higher for hot on-court temperatures. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss, and maintenance of tennis strings. Setup #1 Tension vs timing of heat application. It is common knowledge that most strings lose a large percentage of tension with time and play. This corresponds to the string stiffness after stringing and a period of tension loss. Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4. Place the ball at the 100-inch mark and drop it. Dependant variables:How High the Ball Bounces. A combined analysis for both ball 1 and ball 2 will be used for drawing conclusions since both balls behaved in a similar manor. It is the only attempt where a player takes his time to position up, instead of reacting to an opponents shot. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. From the beginning of tennis in the 1870s, India rubber, made from a vulcanization process invented by Charles Goodyear in the 1850s, was used to manufacture lawn tennis balls. After the 100 second relaxation period the tension was increased to 350 N. Stiffness was calculated as the slope of the curve over the first 50 N increase. Hold the meter stick vertically with one end on the ground. (2011). The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. Once you have the right conditions under which to carry out your experiment, you can go ahead and start gathering the materials that will be needed. (Wikipedia, 2012)In the 19th century, tennis balls were made of rubber. Tennis serve is the shot that starts off the point. Hot temperatures create more pressure whereas cold temperatures do not produce much pressure. The "take-away" is twofold: First, if you like firm/stiff playing strings, do not expose them to higher than usual temperatures after stringing. Does Air Pressure Affect the Bounce of a Basketball? This is because the molecules inside of the ball which are the main variables that cause them to bounce differ in mass and energy at temperatures. 1a Heat before tensioning. A conclusion from this experiment can not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new cans of balls is justified. When a tennis ball is compressed, its internal air pressure is boosted. We just wanted to let you know that we got a lot of information from this. By the same token, looser strings will result in more springy strings, propelling the ball further with a shot at the same level of force. To do this, place them in the ice chest with ice. (Sheehan, 2011)Its just like a trampoline: When one jumps on a trampoline, the material one the trampoline expands and stretches, and when it does, the trampoline is forced to come back up to its original state, causing one to bounce on the trampoline. Figure 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials. Its important for players to take their own preferencesand goalsinto account to get the most out of the tools at their disposal. Throughout this essay, I will not only explain what each of Newtons three laws mean, but provide a real life example of how it could relate to the game of bocce ball. After the tennis ball reforms into its original shape, the gas inside the ball pushes back up and causes the ball to bounce into the air. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. Ball 1 had a sample standard deviation of 3.312 while ball 2 was 3.177. String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. During the course of playing tennis, especially in competition settings, players often painstakingly consider all factors that have a shot at affecting their game. This is due, in large part, to their construction. Results for Setup #2 ‐ Elongation, Tension and Stiffness vs Temperature. The question also required me to determ wheter or not I could use the same weight as I normally do while using the stability ball? Repeat steps 1-3 but keep the ball in a refrigerator. Equipment: - two tennis balls - a refrigerator - tape measurer - video camera - bluetack Variables: Figure 12 Closeup of tension loss vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. Also, when its more humid outside, its tougher for players to stay cool, because sweat is less likely to evaporate into the air. The use of different kinds of balls will help you determine whether the temperature is the only variable causing your results to be varied. As the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. Their central finding was that tennis string is affected by temperature, but not always in the way that one might expect. By not rejecting H0 means the two different balls would be considered equal. A string was secured between two clamps 200 mm apart at start and running through a clear perspex tube with rubber plugs in each end. This is because the higher temperatures within the summer cause the balls to bounce higher. The question of concern was whether adding heat after stabilization would start (or accelerate) tension loss. Heating the string, whether before or during tensioning increases the mobility of the molecule chains. Try comparing a baseball to a golf ball or a tennis ball. Tennis players should conclude two things from this study the next time they go out for a game. Place the video camera on a level that will be able to clearly record the experiment, whilst a person sits beside the tape measurer Place four tennis balls in a freezer, four in a refrigerator, four at room temperature and four outside in the sun. For instance, at 70 degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 psi because that was the initial pressure of course. Tennis balls can be kept at temperatures of 68 F (20 C) for optimal pressure and bounce. Stiffness is the most important property of strings. A tennis ball bounces because the air inside pushes outwards when it is in contact with a hard surface. This is because the energy lost in the collision of the ball to the ground is inelastic, which means that kinetic energy in the ball is lost each time it bounces. As such, the heated ball will tend to have a higher bounce than the colder ball. Hypothesis: The normal tennis ball will bounce higher than the tennis ball that was placed in the freezer for some time as the air molecule inside are not affected but for the cool tennis ball its air is compressed affecting its bounce. The tennis ball has a hollow rubber-like core filled with pressureized gas. But how much higher or lower? 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